NoteReferences reflect sources current at time of content authorship. FIFO EMS content is reviewed periodically; individual guidelines may reference more current editions. Always verify against the most recent version of any referenced source.
AttributionValidated scoring tools are reproduced for educational and clinical reference purposes. Original authors retain copyright. Attribution is provided for each instrument below.
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01

Resuscitation

  • Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation (ANZCOR). ANZCOR Guidelines. 2023. anzcor.org
  • International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). 2020 International Consensus on CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2020.
  • Panchal AR, et al. 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020.
02

Cardiac

  • National Heart Foundation of Australia. Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. 2023.
  • Chew DP, et al. 2016 National Heart Foundation of Australia & CSANZ Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Heart Lung and Circulation. 2016.
  • Sgarbossa EB, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996.
  • Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart. 1920.
  • Lip GY, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest. 2010. CHA₂DS₂-VASc
03

Respiratory

  • Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2024. ginasthma.org
  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. 2024. goldcopd.org
  • Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. Therapeutic Guidelines: Respiratory. eTG complete. 2023.
04

Trauma & Emergency

  • American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual. 10th ed. 2018.
  • National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. PHTLS: Prehospital Trauma Life Support. 9th ed. 2019.
  • Tintinalli JE, et al. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill. 2020.
  • Roberts JR, et al. Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. 7th ed. Elsevier. 2019.
  • Baker SP, et al. The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma. 1974. ISS / RTS
  • Champion HR, et al. A revision of the Trauma Score. Journal of Trauma. 1989. Revised Trauma Score
05

Neurological

  • Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974. GCS
  • Powers WJ, et al. 2019 AHA/ASA Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke. Stroke. 2019.
  • Perez Algorta G, et al. RACE Scale for prehospital identification of large-vessel occlusion stroke. Stroke. 2017. RACE Scale
06

Toxicology & Environmental

  • Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. Therapeutic Guidelines: Toxicology and Wilderness. eTG complete. 2022.
  • Olson KR (ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. 2018.
  • Safe Work Australia. Managing the Risks of Working in Heat. 2022. safeworkaustralia.gov.au
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure. 1998.
  • Workplace Health and Safety Queensland. Heat stress – a guide for workplaces. 2022.
07

Medications

  • Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. Australian Medicines Handbook. AMH Online. 2024. amh.net.au
  • Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. eTG complete. 2024. tg.org.au
  • MIMS Australia. MIMS Online. 2024. mims.com.au
  • Rossi S (ed). Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide: AMH Pty Ltd. 2024.
  • Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Commonwealth of Australia. pbs.gov.au
08

Validated Scoring Tools

  • Six AJ, et al. The HEART score for the assessment of patients with chest pain in the emergency department. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010. HEART Score
  • Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS2). 2017. rcplondon.ac.uk NEWS2
  • Sessler CN, et al. The Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002. RASS
  • Seymour CW, et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016. qSOFA
  • Stiell IG, et al. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992. Ottawa Ankle Rules
  • Stiell IG, et al. The Canadian C-Spine Rule for Radiography in Alert and Stable Trauma Patients. JAMA. 2001. Canadian C-Spine Rule
  • Stiell IG, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001. Canadian CT Head Rule
  • Wells PS, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001. Wells PE Score
  • Le Gal G, et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006. Revised Geneva Score
  • Stiell IG, et al. Derivation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995. Ottawa Knee Rules
  • National Institutes of Health. NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). 1989. NIHSS
  • Berg K, et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 1992. Berg Balance Scale
  • Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The Timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991. TUG Test
  • Bohannon RW. Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2006. 5x Sit-to-Stand
09

Physiotherapy & Musculoskeletal

  • Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. Therapeutic Guidelines: Musculoskeletal. eTG complete. 2023.
  • Childs JD, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004.
  • Henschke N, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009. Red Flags LBP
  • Cleland JA, et al. Manual Physical Therapy and Exercise for Neck Pain: A Systematic Review. Physical Therapy. 2005.
  • Koes BW, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ. 2006.
  • Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Physical Therapy. 2001. Oswestry
  • Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991. NDI
  • Binkley JM, et al. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. Physical Therapy. 1999. LEFS
  • Stratford P, et al. Assessing disability and change on individual patients: a report of a patient specific measure. Physiotherapy Canada. 1995. PSFS
10

Occupational Health & Safety

  • Safe Work Australia. Model Work Health and Safety Act. 2020. safeworkaustralia.gov.au
  • Government of Western Australia. Work Health and Safety Act 2020 (WA).
  • Government of Western Australia. Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 (WA).
  • Government of Western Australia. Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 (WA).
  • WorkSafe Western Australia. Code of Practice: Mines. 2022.
  • National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment. 2006.
  • Safe Work Australia. Hazardous Manual Tasks Code of Practice. 2021.
  • Waters TR, et al. Revised NIOSH Equation for the Design and Evaluation of Manual Lifting Tasks. Ergonomics. 1993. NIOSH Lifting
  • WorkSafe WA. Fatigue management in mining: a guide for the Western Australian mining industry. 2020.
11

Emergency Services & Retrieval

  • Queensland Ambulance Service. Clinical Practice Manual. 2023. ambulance.qld.gov.au
  • St John Ambulance Australia. Clinical Procedures and Guidelines. 2022.
  • Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS). Medical Chest Guidelines. 2022.
  • Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM). Policy on the Management of Acute Pain. 2023.
  • Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Clinical Handover. acsqhc.gov.au
  • Australasian Retrieval & Transport Medicine. Clinical Guidelines. 2023.